.. index:: ! gmtregress
.. include:: module_core_purpose.rst_

**********
gmtregress
**********

|gmtregress_purpose|

Synopsis
--------

.. include:: common_SYN_OPTs.rst_

**gmt regress** [ *table* ] [ |-A|\ [*min*\ /*max*\ /*inc*][**+f**\ [**n**\|\ **p**]] ]
[ |-C|\ *level* ]
[ |-E|\ **x**\|\ **y**\|\ **o**\|\ **r** ]
[ |-F|\ *flags* ]
[ |-N|\ **1**\|\ **2**\|\ **r**\|\ **w** ]
[ |-S|\ [**r**] ]
[ |-T|\ [*min/max*\ /]\ *inc*\ [**+i**\|\ **n**] \|\ |-T|\ *file*\|\ *list* ]
[ |SYN_OPT-V| ]
[ |-W|\ [**w**]\ [**x**]\ [**y**]\ [**r**] ]
[ |-Z|\ [**+**\|\ **-**]\ *limit* ]
[ |SYN_OPT-a| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-b| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-d| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-e| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-f| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-g| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-h| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-i| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-o| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-q| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-s| ]
[ |SYN_OPT-w| ]
[ |SYN_OPT--| ]

|No-spaces|

Description
-----------

**regress** reads one or more data tables [or standard input]
and determines the best linear [weighted] regression model :math:`y(x) = a + b x` for each segment using the chosen parameters.
The user may specify which data and model components should be reported.  By default, the model will be evaluated at the
input points, but alternatively you can specify an equidistant range over which to evaluate
the model, or turn off evaluation completely.  Instead of determining the best fit we can
perform a scan of all possible regression lines
(for a range of slope angles) and examine how the chosen misfit measure varies with slope.
This is particularly useful when analyzing data with many outliers.  **Note**: If you
actually need to work with :math:`\log_{10}` of *x* or *y* you can accomplish that transformation during
the read phase by using the **-i** option.


Required Arguments
------------------

.. |Add_intables| replace:: The first two columns are expected to contain the required *x* and *y* data.  Depending on
   your |-W| and |-E| settings we may expect an additional 1-3 columns with error estimates
   of one of both of the data coordinates, and even their correlation (see |-W| for details).
.. include:: explain_intables.rst_

Optional Arguments
------------------

.. _-A:

**-A**\ [*min*\ /*max*\ /*inc*][**+f**\ [**n**\|\ **p**]]
    There are two uses for this setting: (1) Instead of determining a best-fit regression
    we explore the full range of regressions. Examine all possible regression lines with slope
    angles between *min* and *max*, using steps of *inc* degrees [-90/+90/1].  For each slope,
    the optimum intercept is determined based on your regression type (|-E|) and misfit norm
    (|-N|) settings. For each data segment we report the four columns *angle*, *E*, *slope*,
    *intercept*, for the range of specified angles. The best model parameters within this range
    are written into the segment header and reported in verbose information mode (**-Vi**).
    (2) Except for **-N2**, append **+f** to force the best regression to
    only consider the given restricted range of angles [all angles].  As shortcuts for negative
    or positive slopes, just use **+fn** or **+fp**, respectively.

.. figure:: /_images/GMT_slopes.*
   :width: 500 px
   :align: center

   Scanning slopes (|-A|) to see how the misfit for an fully orthogonal regression using the LMS (**-Nr**) criterion
   varies with the line angle.  Here we see the best solution gives a line angle of -78.3 degrees
   but there is another local minimum for an angle of 78.6 degrees that is almost as good.

.. _-C:

**-C**\ *level*
    Set the confidence level (in %) to use for the optional calculation of confidence bands
    on the regression [95].  This is only used if |-F| includes the output column **c**.

.. _-E:

**-Ex**\|\ **y**\|\ **o**\|\ **r**
    Type of linear regression, i.e., select the type of misfit we should calculate.
    Choose from **x** (regress *x* on *y*; i.e., the misfit is measured horizontally from data point to regression line),
    **y** (regress *y* on *x*; i.e., the misfit is measured vertically [Default]), **o** (orthogonal regression;
    i.e., the misfit is measured from data point orthogonally to nearest point on the line), or **r** (Reduced Major
    Axis regression; i.e., the misfit is the product of both vertical and horizontal misfits) [**y**].

.. figure:: /_images/GMT_misfit.*
   :width: 600 px
   :align: center

   The four types of misfit.  The sum of the squared lengths of :math:`e_k` is minimized, for k = x, y, or o.
   For **-Er** the sum of the green areas is minimized instead.

.. _-F:

**-F**\ *flags*
    Append a combination of the columns you wish returned; the output order will match the order specified.  Choose from
    **x** (observed *x*), **y** (observed *y*), **m** (model prediction), **r** (residual = data minus model),
    **c** (symmetrical confidence interval on the regression; see |-C|
    for specifying the level), **z** (standardized residuals or so-called *z-scores*) and **w** (outlier weights 0 or 1; for
    **-Nw** these are the Reweighted Least Squares weights) [**xymrczw**].
    As an alternative to evaluating the model, just give **-Fp** and we instead write a single record with the 12 model
    parameters *npoints xmean ymean angle misfit slope intercept sigma_slope sigma_intercept r R n_effective*. **Note**:
    *R* is only set when **-Ey** is selected.

.. _-N:

**-N1**\|\ **2**\|\ **r**\|\ **w**
    Selects the norm to use for the misfit calculation.  Choose among **1** (:math:`L_1` measure; the mean of the
    absolute residuals), **2** (Least-squares; the mean of the squared residuals),
    **r** (LMS; The least median of the squared residuals), or **w** (RLS; Reweighted Least Squares: the
    mean of the squared residuals after outliers identified via LMS have been removed) [Default is **2**].
    Traditional regression uses :math:`L_2` while :math:`L_1` and in particular LMS are more robust in how they handle outliers.
    As alluded to, RLS implies an initial LMS regression which is then used to identify outliers in the data,
    assign these a zero weight, and then redo the regression using a :math:`L_2` norm.

.. _-S:

**-S**\ [**r**]
    Restricts which records will be output.  By default all data records will be output in the format specified
    by |-F|.  Use |-S| to exclude data points identified as outliers by the regression.  Alternatively,
    use **-Sr** to reverse this and only output the outlier records.

.. _-T:

**-T**\ [*min/max*\ /]\ *inc*\ [**+i**\|\ **n**] \|\ |-T|\ *file*\|\ *list*
    Evaluate the best-fit regression model at the equidistant points implied by the arguments.  If only
    **-T**\ *inc* is given instead we will reset *min* and *max* to the extreme *x*-values for each segment.
    To skip the model evaluation entirely, simply provide **-T**\ 0.
    For details on array creation, see `Generate 1-D Array`_.

.. |Add_-V| replace:: |Add_-V_links|
.. include:: explain_-V.rst_
    :start-after: **Syntax**
    :end-before: **Description**

.. _-W:

**-W**\ [**w**]\ [**x**]\ [**y**]\ [**r**]
    Specifies weighted regression and which weights will be provided.
    Append **x** if giving one-:math:`\sigma` uncertainties in the *x*-observations, **y** if giving one-:math:`\sigma` uncertainties in *y*, and
    **r** if giving correlations between *x* and *y* observations, in the order these columns appear in the input (after the
    two required and leading *x*, *y* columns).
    Giving both **x** and **y** (and optionally **r**) implies an orthogonal regression, otherwise giving
    **x** requires **-Ex** and **y** requires **-Ey**.
    We convert uncertainties in *x* and *y* to regression weights *w* via the relationship :math:`w = 1/\sigma`.
    Use **-Ww** if the we should interpret the input columns to have precomputed weights instead.  **Note**: Residuals
    with respect to the regression line will be scaled by the given weights.  Most norms will then square this weighted
    residual (**-N1** is the only exception).

.. _-Z:

**-Z**\ [±]\ *limit*
    Change the threshold for outlier detection: When **-Nw** is used, residual *z-scores* that exceed this *limit* [±2.5] will
    be flagged as outliers.  To only consider negative or positive *z-scores* as possible outliers, specify a signed *limit*.

.. include:: explain_-aspatial.rst_

.. |Add_-bi| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-bi.rst_

.. |Add_-bo| replace:: [Default is same as input].
.. include:: explain_-bo.rst_

.. |Add_-d| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-d.rst_

.. |Add_-e| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-e.rst_

.. |Add_-f| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-f.rst_

.. |Add_-g| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-g.rst_

.. |Add_-h| unicode:: 0x20 .. just an invisible code
.. include:: explain_-h.rst_

.. include:: explain_-icols.rst_

.. include:: explain_-ocols.rst_

.. include:: explain_-q.rst_

.. include:: explain_-s.rst_

.. include:: explain_-w.rst_

.. include:: explain_help.rst_

.. include:: explain_precision.rst_

.. include:: explain_array.rst_

Notes:
------

The output segment header will contain all the various statistics we compute for each segment.
These are in order: *N* (number of points), *x0* (weighted mean x), *y0* (weighted mean y),
*angle* (of line), *E* (misfit), *slope*, *intercept*, *sigma_slope*, and *sigma_intercept*.  For the
standard regression (**-Ey**) we also report the Pearsonian correlation (*r*) and
coefficient of determination (*R*). We end with the effective number of measurements, :math:`n_{eff}`.

For weighted data and the calculation of squared regression misfit to minimize (**-N2**), we use

.. math::

    E_2(\nu) = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n w_i e_i^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n w_i} \frac{n_{eff}}{n_{eff}-2},

where the effective number of measurements is given by

.. math::

    n_{eff} = \frac{\left (\sum_{i=1}^n w_i\right )^2}{\sum_{i=1}^n w_i^2}.

and hence :math:`\nu = n_{eff} - 2` are the effective degrees of freedom.

Examples
--------

.. include:: explain_example.rst_

To return the coordinates on the best-fit orthogonal regression line through the data in the
remote file hertzsprung-russell.txt, try::

    gmt regress @hertzsprung-russell.txt -Eo -Fxm

To do a standard least-squares regression on the *x-y* data in points.txt and return
x, y, and model prediction with 99% confidence intervals, try

::

  gmt regress points.txt -Fxymc -C99 > points_regressed.txt

To just get the slope for the above regression, try

::

  slope=`gmt regress points.txt -Fp -o5`

To do a reweighted least-squares regression on the data rough.txt and return
x, y, model prediction and the RLS weights, try

::

  gmt regress rough.txt -Fxymw > points_regressed.txt

To do an orthogonal least-squares regression on the data crazy.txt but first take
the logarithm of both x and y, then return x, y, model prediction and the normalized
residuals (z-scores), try

::

  gmt regress crazy.txt -Eo -Fxymz -i0-1l > points_regressed.txt

To examine how the orthogonal LMS misfits vary with angle between 0 and 90
in steps of 0.2 degrees for the same file, try

::

  gmt regress points.txt -A0/90/0.2 -Eo -Nr > points_analysis.txt

To force an orthogonal LMS to pick the best solution with a positive slope, try

::

  gmt regress points.txt -A+fp -Eo -Nr > best_pos_slope.txt

Note
----

For regressions involving more general linear models beyond a straight line fit,
see :doc:`gmtmath` **-A** and the operators **LSQFIT** or **SVDFIT**.

References
----------

Bevington, P. R., 1969, *Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences*,
336 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.

Draper, N. R., and H. Smith, 1998, *Applied regression analysis*, 3rd ed., 736 pp.,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Rousseeuw, P. J., and A. M. Leroy, 1987, *Robust regression and outlier detection*,
329 pp., John Wiley and Sons, New York.

York, D., N. M. Evensen, M. L. Martinez, and J. De Basebe Delgado, 2004, Unified
equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line,
*Am. J. Phys.*, 72(3), 367-375.

See Also
--------

:doc:`gmt`,
:doc:`gmtmath`,
:doc:`trend1d`,
:doc:`trend2d`
