# x2sys_init

Initialize a new x2sys track database

## Synopsis

gmt x2sys_init TAG -D fmtfile [ -E suffix ] [ -F ] [ -G[d|g] ] [ -I dx[/dy] ] [ -N d|s unit ] [ -R region ] [ -V[level] ] [ -W t|d gap ] [ -j flags ] [ --PAR=value ]

Note: No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.

## Description

x2sys_init is the starting point for anyone wishing to use x2sys; it initializes a set of data bases that are particular to one kind of track data. These data, their associated data bases, and key parameters are given a short-hand notation called an x2sys TAG. The TAG keeps track of settings such as file format, whether the data are geographic or not, and the binning resolution for track indices. Running x2sys_init is a prerequisite to running any of the other x2sys programs, such as x2sys_binlist, which will create a crude representation of where each data track go within the domain and which observations are available; this information serves as input to x2sys_put which updates the track data base. Then, x2sys_get can be used to find which tracks and data are available inside a given region. With that list of tracks you can use x2sys_cross to calculate track crossovers, use x2sys_report to report crossover statistics or x2sys_list to pull out selected crossover information that x2sys_solve can use to determine track-specific systematic corrections. These corrections may be used with x2sys_datalist to extract corrected data values for use in subsequent work. Because you can run x2sys_init you must set the environmental parameter X2SYS_HOME to a directory where you have write permission, which is where x2sys can keep track of your settings.

## Required Arguments

TAG

  The unique name of this data type x2sys TAG.

-D fmtfile

  Format definition file prefix for this data set [See Format Definition Files below for more information]. Specify full path if the file is not in the current directory. If -D is not given then we default to TAG.fmt. Note: Deprecated extension .def will work but consider renaming the file.

## Optional Arguments

-E suffix

  Specifies the file extension (suffix) for these data files. If not given we use the format definition file prefix as the suffix (see -D).

-F

  Force creating new files if old ones are present [Default will abort if old TAG files are found].

-G[d|g]

  Selects geographical coordinates. Append d for discontinuity at the Dateline (makes longitude go from -180 to + 180) or g for discontinuity at Greenwich (makes longitude go from 0 to 360 [Default]). If not given we assume the data are Cartesian.

-I dx[/dy]

  x_inc [and optionally y_inc] is the grid spacing. Append m to indicate minutes or s to indicate seconds for geographic data. These spacings refer to the binning used in the track bin-index data base.

-Nd|s unit

  Sets the units used for distance and speed when requested by other programs. Append d for distance or s for speed, then give the desired unit as c (Cartesian userdist or userdist/usertime), e (meters or m/s), f (feet or feet/s), k (km or kms/hr), m (miles or miles/hr), n (nautical miles or knots) or u (survey feet or survey feet/s). [Default is -Ndk -Nse (km and m/s) if -G is set and -Ndc and -Nsc otherwise (Cartesian units)].

-R west/east/south/north[/zmin/zmax][+r][+u unit]

> Specify the region of interest. For Cartesian data just give xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax. This option bases the statistics on those COE that fall inside the specified domain.

> The region may be specified in one of several ways:

> 1. -R west/east/south/north. This is the standard way to specify geographic regions when using map projections where meridians and parallels are rectilinear. The coordinates may be specified in decimal degrees or in [±]dd:mm[:ss.xxx][W|E|S|N] format.

> 2. -R west/south/east/north+r. This form is useful for map projections that are oblique, making meridians and parallels poor choices for map boundaries. Here, we instead specify the lower left corner and upper right corner geographic coordinates, followed by the modifier +r. This form guarantees a rectangular map even though lines of equal longitude and latitude are not straight lines.

> 3. -Rg or -Rd. These forms can be used to quickly specify the global domain (0/360 for -Rg and -180/+180 for -Rd in longitude, with -90/+90 in latitude).

> 4. -R code1,code2,…[+e|r|R incs]. This indirectly supplies the region by consulting the DCW (Digital Chart of the World) database and derives the bounding regions for one or more countries given by the codes. Simply append one or more comma-separated countries using either the two-character ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 convention (e.g., NO) or the full country name (e.g., Norway). To select a state within a country (if available), append .state (e.g, US.TX), or the full state name (e.g., Texas). To specify a whole continent, spell out the full continent name (e.g., -RAfrica). Finally, append any DCW collection abbreviations or full names for the extent of the collection or named region. All names are case-insensitive. The following modifiers can be appended:

>    > - +r to adjust the region boundaries to be multiples of the steps indicated by inc, xinc/yinc, or winc/einc/sinc/ninc [default is no adjustment]. For example, -R FR+r1 will select the national bounding box of France rounded to nearest integer degree, where inc can be positive to expand the region or negative to shrink the region.

>    > - +R to adjust the region by adding the amounts specified by inc, xinc/yinc, or winc/einc/sinc/ninc [default is no extension], where inc can be positive to expand the region or negative to shrink the region.

>    > - +e to adjust the region boundaries to be multiples of the steps indicated by inc, xinc/yinc, or winc/einc/sinc/ninc, while ensuring that the bounding box is adjusted by at least 0.25 times the increment [default is no adjustment], where inc can be positive to expand the region or negative to shrink the region.

> 5. -R xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax[+u unit] specifies a region in projected units (e.g., UTM meters) where xmin/xmax/ymin/ymax are Cartesian projected coordinates compatible with the chosen projection (-J) and unit is an allowable distance unit [e]; we inversely project to determine the actual rectangular geographic region. For projected regions centered on (0,0) you may use the short-hand -R halfwidth[/halfheight]+u unit, where halfheight defaults to halfwidth if not given. This short-hand requires the +u modifier.

> 6. -R justifylon0/lat0/nx/ny, where justify is a 2-character combination of L|C|R (for left, center, or right) and T|M|B (for top, middle, or bottom) (e.g., BL for lower left). The two character code justify indicates which point on a rectangular region region the lon0/lat0 coordinates refer to and the grid dimensions nx and ny are used with grid spacings given via -I to create the corresponding region. This method can be used when creating grids. For example, -RCM 25/25/50/50 specifies a 50x50 grid centered on 25,25.

> 7. -R gridfile. This will copy the domain settings found for the grid in specified file. Note that depending on the nature of the calling module, this mechanism will also set grid spacing and possibly the grid registration (see Grid registration: The -r option).

> 8. -Ra[uto] or -Re[xact]. Under modern mode, and for plotting modules only, you can automatically determine the region from the data used. You can either get the exact area using -Re [Default if no -R is given] or a slightly larger area sensibly rounded outwards to the next multiple of increments that depend on the data range using -Ra.

-V[level]

  Select verbosity level [w]. (See full description) (See cookbook information).

-Wt|d gap

  Give t or d and append the corresponding maximum time gap (in user units; this is typically seconds [Infinity]), or distance (for units, see -N) gap [Infinity]) allowed between the two data points immediately on either side of a crossover. If these limits are exceeded then a data gap is assumed and no COE will be determined.

-je|f|g (more …)

  Determine how spherical distances or coordinate transformations are calculated.

-^ or just -

  Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exit (Note: on Windows just use -).

-+ or just +

  Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of any module-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exit.

-? or no arguments

  Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exit.

--PAR=value

  Temporarily override a GMT default setting; repeatable. See gmt.conf for parameters.

## Format Definition Files

These *.fmt files contain information about the data file format and have two sections: (1) header information and (2) column information. All header information starts with the character # in the first column, immediately followed by an upper-case directive. If the directive takes an argument it is separated by white-space. You may append a trailing # comments. Five directives are recognized:

ASCII states that the data files are in ASCII format.

BINARY states that the data files are native binary files.

NETCDF states that the data files are COARDS-compliant 1-D netCDF files.

SKIP takes an integer argument which is either the number of lines to skip (when reading ASCII files) or the number of bytes to skip (when reading native binary files). Not used with netCDF files.

GEO indicates that these files are geographic data sets, with periodicities in the x-coordinate (longitudes). Alternatively, use -G.

MULTISEG means each track consists of multiple segments separated by a GMT segment header. Not used with netCDF files.

The column information consists of one line per column in the order the columns appear in the data file. For each column you must provide seven attributes:

name type NaN NaN-proxy scale offset oformat

name is the name of the column variable. You must use the special names lon (or x if Cartesian) and lat (or y) for the two required coordinate columns, time when optional absolute time data are present, and rtime when relative time data are given (make sure the GMT defaults TIME_UNIT and TIME_EPOCH are set properly). Regardless of input time flavor, we will write absolute time on output.

type is always a for ASCII representations of numbers, whereas for binary files you may choose among c for signed 1-byte character (-127,+128), u for unsigned byte (0-255), h for signed 2-byte integers (-32768,+32767), i for signed 4-byte integers (-2,147,483,648,+2,147,483,647), f for 4-byte floating points and d for 8-byte double precision floating points. For netCDF, simply use d as netCDF will automatically handle type-conversions during reading.

NaN is Y if certain values (e.g, -9999) are to be replaced by NaN, and N otherwise.

NaN-proxy is that special value (e.g., -9999).

scale is used to multiply the data after reading.

offset is used to add to the scaled data.

oformat is a C-style format string used to print values from this column.

If you give - as the oformat then GMT’s formatting machinery will be used instead (i.e., FORMAT_FLOAT_OUT, FORMAT_GEO_MAP, FORMAT_DATE_MAP, FORMAT_CLOCK_MAP). Some file formats already have definition files premade. These include mgd77 (for plain ASCII MGD77 data files), mgd77+ (for enhanced MGD77+ netCDF files), gmt (for old mgg supplement binary files), xy (for plain ASCII x, y tables), xyz (same, with one z-column), geo (for plain ASCII longitude, latitude files), and geoz (same, with one z-column).

## Examples

If you have a large set of track data files you can organize them using the x2sys tools. Here we will outline the steps. Let us assume that your track data file format consist of 2 header records with text information followed by any number of identically formatted data records with 6 columns (lat, lon, time, obs1, obs2, obs3) and that files are called *.trk. We will call this the “line” format. First, we create the line.fmt file:

# Format define file for the line format
# SKIP 2 | # Skip 2 header records
--- | ---
# GEO | # Data are geographic
#name | type | NaN | NaN-proxy | scale | offset | oformat
lat | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %9.5f
lon | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %10.5f
time | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.1f
obs1 | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.2f
obs2 | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.2f
obs3 | a | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.2f

Next we create the TAG and the TAG directory with the databases for these line track files. Assuming these contain geographic data and that we want to keep track of the data distribution at a 1 x 1 degree resolution, with distances in km calculated along geodesics and with speeds given in knots, we may run

    gmt x2sys_init LINE -V -G -Dline -Rg -je -Ndk -Nsn -I1/1 -Etrk

where we have selected LINE to be our x2sys tag. When x2sys tools try to read your line data files they will first look in the current directory and second look in the file TAG_paths.txt for a list of additional directories to examine. Therefore, create such a file (here LINE_paths.txt) and stick the full paths to your data directories there. All TAG-related files (format definition files, tag files, and track data bases created) will be expected to be in the directory pointed to by $X2SYS_HOME/TAG (in our case $X2SYS_HOME/LINE). Note that the argument to -D must contain the full path if the *.fmt file is not in the current directory. x2sys_init will copy this file to the $X2SYS_HOME/TAG directory where all other x2sys tools will expect to find it.

Create tbf file(s):

  Once the (empty) TAG databases have been initialized we go through a two-step process to populate them. First we run x2sys_binlist on all our track files to create one (or more) multisegment track bin-index files (tbf). These contain information on which 1 x 1 degree bins (or any other blocksize; see -I) each track has visited and which observations (in your case obs1, obs2, obs3) were actually observed (not all tracks may have all three kinds of observations everywhere). For instance, if your tracks are listed in the file tracks.lis we may run this command:

  >     gmt x2sys_binlist -V -TLINE =tracks.lis > tracks.tbf

Update index data base:

  Next, the track bin-index files are fed to x2sys_put which will insert the information into the TAG databases:

  >     gmt x2sys_put -V -TLINE tracks.tbf

Search for data:

  You may now use x2sys_get to find all the tracks within a certain sub-region, and optionally limit the search to those tracks that have a particular combination of observables. E.g., to find all the tracks which has both obs1 and obs3 inside the specified region, run

  >     gmt x2sys_get -V -TLINE -R20/40/-40/-20 -Fobs1,obs3 > tracks.tbf

MGD77[+] or GMT:

  Format definition files already exist for MGD77 files (both standard ASCII and enhanced netCDF-based MGD77+ files) and the old *.gmt files manipulated by the mgg supplements; for these data sets the -j and -N will default to great circle distance calculation in km and speed in m/s. There are also format definition files for plain (x, y[, z]) and (lon, lat[, z]) tracks. To initiate new track databases to be used with MGD77 data from NCEI, try

  >     gmt x2sys_init MGD77 -V -Dmgd77 -Emgd77 -Rd -Gd -Nsn -I1/1 -Wt900 -Wd5

  where we have chosen a 15 minute (900 sec) or 5 km threshold to indicate a data gap and selected knots as the speed; the other steps are similar.

Binary files:

  Let us pretend that your line files actually are binary files with a 128-byte header structure (to be skipped) followed by the data records and where lon, lat, time are double precision numbers while the three observations are 2-byte integers which must be multiplied by 0.1. Finally, the first two observations may be -32768 which means there is no data available. All that is needed is a different line.fmt file:

  # Format define file for the binary line format
  # BINARY | # File is now binary
  --- | ---
  # SKIP 128 | # Skip 128 bytes
  # GEO | # Data are geographic
  #name | type | NaN | NaN-proxy | scale | offset | oformat
  lon | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %10.5f
  lat | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %9.5f
  time | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.1f
  obs1 | h | Y | -32768 | 0.1 | 0 | %6.1f
  obs2 | h | Y | -32768 | 0.1 | 0 | %6.1f
  obs3 | h | N | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | %6.1f

  The rest of the steps are identical.

COARDS 1-D netCDF files:

  Finally, suppose that your line files actually are netCDF files that conform to the COARDS convention, with data columns named lon, lat, time, obs1, obs2, and obs3. All that is needed is a different line.fmt file:

  # Format define file for the netCDF COARDS line format
  # NETCDF | # File is now netCDF
  --- | ---
  # GEO | # Data are geographic
  #name | type | NaN | NaN-proxy | scale | offset | oformat
  lon | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %10.5f
  lat | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %9.5f
  time | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %7.1f
  obs1 | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %6.1f
  obs2 | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %6.1f
  obs3 | d | N | 0 | 1 | 0 | %6.1f

  Note we use no scaling or NaN proxies since those issues are usually handled internally in the netCDF format description.

## Deprecated behavior

The Format Definition Files used to have extension .def but since that is also used by GMT’s symbol macro files we have deprecated that extension and now use .fmt. However, old .def files are still being read.

## References

Wessel, P. (2010), Tools for analyzing intersecting tracks: the x2sys package. Computers and Geosciences, 36, 348-354, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220164039_Tools_for_analyzing_intersecting_tracks_The_x2sys_package.

Wessel, P. (1989), XOVER: A cross-over error detector for track data, Computers and Geosciences, 15(3), 333-346, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(89)90044-7.

## See Also

x2sys_binlist, x2sys_datalist, x2sys_get, x2sys_list, x2sys_put, x2sys_report, x2sys_solve, x2sys_cross