# Range-based for loop (since C++11)

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Executes a for loop over a range.

Used as a more readable equivalent to the traditional for loop operating over a range of values, such as all elements in a container.

### Syntax

attr(optional) `for (` range_declaration `:` range_expression `)` loop_statement |  | (until C++20)
attr(optional) `for (` init-statement(optional)range_declaration `:` range_expression `)` loop_statement |  | (since C++20)

attr | - | any number of attributes

init-statement(C++20)

-

either

- an expression statement (which may be a null statement "`;`")
- a simple declaration, typically a declaration of a variable with initializer, but it may declare arbitrary many variables or be a structured binding declaration

  Note that any init-statement must end with a semicolon `;`, which is why it is often described informally as an expression or a declaration followed by a semicolon.

range_declaration | - | a declaration of a named variable, whose type is the type of the element of the sequence represented by range_expression, or a reference to that type. Often uses the auto specifier for automatic type deduction
range_expression | - | any expression that represents a suitable sequence (either an array or an object for which `begin` and `end` member functions or free functions are defined, see below) or a braced-init-list.
loop_statement | - | any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of the loop

range_declaration may be a structured binding declaration

    for (auto&& [first,second] : mymap) {
        // use first and second
    }

(since C++17)

### Explanation

The above syntax produces code equivalent to the following (`__range`, `__begin` and `__end` are for exposition only):

`{`

  `auto && __range =` range_expression `;`
  `for (auto __begin =` begin_expr`,` `__end =` end_expr`;` `__begin != __end; ++__begin) {`
    range_declaration `= *__begin;`
    loop_statement
  `}`

`}`

(until C++17)

`{`

  `auto && __range =` range_expression `;`
  `auto __begin =` begin_expr `;`
  `auto __end =` end_expr `;`
  `for ( ; __begin != __end; ++__begin) {`
    range_declaration `= *__begin;`
    loop_statement
  `}`

`}`

(since C++17)
(until C++20)

`{`

  init-statement
  `auto && __range =` range_expression `;`
  `auto __begin =` begin_expr `;`
  `auto __end =` end_expr `;`
  `for ( ; __begin != __end; ++__begin) {`
    range_declaration `= *__begin;`
    loop_statement
  `}`

`}`

(since C++20)

range_expression is evaluated to determine the sequence or range to iterate. Each element of the sequence, in turn, is dereferenced and assigned to the variable with the type and name given in range_declaration.

`begin_expr` and `end_expr` are defined as follows:

- If range_expression is an expression of array type, then `begin_expr` is __range and `end_expr` is (__range + __bound), where `__bound` is the number of elements in the array (if the array has unknown size or is of an incomplete type, the program is ill-formed)
- If range_expression is an expression of a class type `C` that has both a member named begin and a member named end (regardless of the type or accessibility of such member), then `begin_expr` is __range.begin() and `end_expr` is __range.end();
- Otherwise, `begin_expr` is begin(__range) and `end_expr` is end(__range), which are found via argument-dependent lookup (non-ADL lookup is not performed).

If range_expression returns a temporary, its lifetime is extended until the end of the loop, as indicated by binding to the forwarding reference `__range`, but beware that the lifetime of any temporary within range_expression is not extended.

This problem may be worked around using init-statement:

    for (auto& x : foo().items()) { /* .. */ } // undefined behavior if foo() returns by value
    for (T thing = foo(); auto& x : thing.items()) { /* ... */ } // OK

(since C++20)

Just as with a traditional loop, a break statement can be used to exit the loop early and a continue statement can be used to restart the loop with the next element.

attr represents an optional number of attributes.

### Notes

If the initializer (range_expression) is a braced-init-list, __range is deduced to be std::initializer_list<>&&

It is safe, and in fact, preferable in generic code, to use deduction to forwarding reference, for (auto&& var : sequence).

The member interpretation is used if the range type has a member named `begin` and a member named `end`. This is done regardless of whether the member is a type, data member, function, or enumerator, and regardless of its accessibility. Thus a class like class meow { enum { begin = 1, end = 2}; /* rest of class */ }; cannot be used with the range-based for loop even if the namespace-scope begin/end functions are present.

While the variable declared in the range_declaration is usually used in the loop_statement, doing so is not required.

As of C++17, the types of the `begin_expr` and the `end_expr` do not have to be the same, and in fact the type of the `end_expr` does not have to be an iterator: it just needs to be able to be compared for inequality with one. This makes it possible to delimit a range by a predicate (e.g. "the iterator points at a null character").

When used with a (non-const) object that has copy-on-write semantics, the range-based for loop may trigger a deep copy by (implicitly) calling the non-const `begin()` member function. If that is undesirable (for instance because the loop is not actually modifying the object), std::as_const can be used:

    struct cow_string { /* ... */ }; // a copy-on-write string
    cow_string str = /* ... */;

    // for(auto x : str) { /* ... */ } // may cause deep copy

    for(auto x : std::as_const(str)) { /* ... */ }

### Keywords

`for`

### Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
P0962R1 | C++11 | member interpretation is used if either member begin and end is present | only used if both are present

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <vector>

    int main() {
        std::vector<int> v = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

        for (const int& i : v) // access by const reference
            std::cout << i << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        for (auto i : v) // access by value, the type of i is int
            std::cout << i << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        for (auto&& i : v) // access by forwarding reference, the type of i is int&
            std::cout << i << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        const auto& cv = v;

        for (auto&& i : cv) // access by f-d reference, the type of i is const int&
            std::cout << i << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        for (int n : {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}) // the initializer may be a braced-init-list
            std::cout << n << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        int a[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
        for (int n : a) // the initializer may be an array
            std::cout << n << ' ';
        std::cout << '\n';

        for (int n : a)
            std::cout << 1 << ' '; // the loop variable need not be used
        std::cout << '\n';

    }

Output:

    0 1 2 3 4 5
    0 1 2 3 4 5
    0 1 2 3 4 5
    0 1 2 3 4 5
    0 1 2 3 4 5
    1 1 1 1 1 1

### See also

for_each | applies a function to a range of elements (function template)

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