# std::c32rtomb

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< cpp‎ | string‎ | multibyte

Defined in header `<cuchar>` |  |
std::size_t c32rtomb( char* s, char32_t c32, std::mbstate_t * ps ); |  | (since C++11)

Converts a UTF-32 character to its narrow multibyte representation.

If `s` is not a null pointer, the function determines the number of bytes necessary to store the multibyte character representation of `c32` (including any shift sequences, and taking into account the current multibyte conversion state *ps), and stores the multibyte character representation in the character array whose first element is pointed to by `s`, updating *ps as necessary. At most MB_CUR_MAX bytes can be written by this function.

If `s` is a null pointer, the call is equivalent to std::c32rtomb(buf, U'\0', ps) for some internal buffer `buf`.

If c32 is the null wide character U'\0', a null byte is stored, preceded by any shift sequence necessary to restore the initial shift state and the conversion state parameter *ps is updated to represent the initial shift state.

The multibyte encoding used by this function is specified by the currently active C locale.

### Parameters

s | - | pointer to narrow character array where the multibyte character will be stored
c32 | - | the 32-bit character to convert
ps | - | pointer to the conversion state object used when interpreting the multibyte string

### Return value

On success, returns the number of bytes (including any shift sequences) written to the character array whose first element is pointed to by `s`. This value may be ​0​, e.g. when processing the first char32_t in multi-char32_t-character sequence (does not occur in UTF-32).

On failure (if c32 is not a valid 32-bit character), returns -1, stores EILSEQ in errno, and leaves *ps in unspecified state.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <iomanip>
    #include <string_view>
    #include <clocale>
    #include <cuchar>
    #include <climits>

    int main()
    {
        std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
        std::u32string_view strv = U"zß水🍌"; // or z\u00df\u6c34\U0001F34C
        std::cout << "Processing " << strv.size() << " UTF-32 code units: [ ";
        for(char32_t c : strv)
            std::cout << std::showbase << std::hex << c << ' ';
        std::cout << "]\n";

        std::mbstate_t state{};
        char out[MB_LEN_MAX]{};
        for(char32_t c : strv)
        {
            std::size_t rc = std::c32rtomb(out, c, &state);
            std::cout << c << " converted to [ ";
            if(rc != (std::size_t)-1)
                for(unsigned char c8 : std::string_view{out, rc})
                    std::cout << +c8 << ' ';
            std::cout << "]\n";
        }
    }

Output:

    Processing 4 UTF-32 code units: [ 0x7a 0xdf 0x6c34 0x1f34c ]
    0x7a converted to [ 0x7a ]
    0xdf converted to [ 0xc3 0x9f ]
    0x6c34 converted to [ 0xe6 0xb0 0xb4 ]
    0x1f34c converted to [ 0xf0 0x9f 0x8d 0x8c ]

### See also

mbrtoc32 (C++11) | converts a narrow multibyte character to UTF-32 encoding (function)
do_out [virtual] | converts a string from internT to externT, such as when writing to file (virtual protected member function of `std::codecvt<InternT,ExternT,State>`)

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