# default initialization

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This is the initialization performed when a variable is constructed with no initializer.

### Syntax

T object `;` | (1) |
`new` T `new` T `(` `)` (until C++03) | (2) |

### Explanation

Default initialization is performed in three situations:

1) when a variable with automatic, static, or thread-local storage duration is declared with no initializer;
2) when an object with dynamic storage duration is created by a new-expression with no initializer or when an object is created by a new-expression with the initializer consisting of an empty pair of parentheses (until C++03);
3) when a base class or a non-static data member is not mentioned in a constructor initializer list and that constructor is called.

The effects of default initialization are:

- if `T` is a non-POD (until C++11) class type, the constructors are considered and subjected to overload resolution against the empty argument list. The constructor selected (which is one of the default constructors) is called to provide the initial value for the new object;
- if `T` is an array type, every element of the array is default-initialized;
- otherwise, nothing is done: the objects with automatic storage duration (and their subobjects) are initialized to indeterminate values.

Only (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD class types (or arrays thereof) with automatic storage duration were considered to be default-initialized when no initializer is used. Scalars and POD types with dynamic storage duration were considered to be not initialized (since C++11, this situation was reclassified as a form of default initialization). | (until C++11)
Prior to C++03 (which introduced value initialization), the expression new T() as well as a member initializer naming a base or a member with the initializer in the form of an empty pair of parentheses was classified as default initialization, but specified zero initialization for non-class types. | (until C++03)

If `T` is a cv-qualified type, its cv-unqualified version is used for the purpose of default-initialization. | (until C++11)

Use of an indeterminate value obtained by default-initializing a non-class variable of any type is undefined behavior (in particular, it may be a trap representation), except in the following cases:

- if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17) is assigned to another variable of type (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17)(the value of the variable becomes indeterminate, but the behavior is not undefined);
- if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17) is used to initialize another variable of type (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17);
- if an indeterminate value of type unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17) results from

  - the second or third operand of a conditional expression,
  - the right operand of the comma operator,
  - the operand of a cast or conversion to (possibly cv-qualified) unsigned char or `std::byte` (since C++17),
  - a discarded-value expression.

    int f(bool b)
    {
        int x;               // OK: the value of x is indeterminate
        int y = x;           // undefined behavior
        unsigned char c;     // OK: the value of c is indeterminate
        unsigned char d = c; // OK: the value of d is indeterminate
        int e = d;           // undefined behavior
        return b ? d : 0;    // undefined behavior if b is true
    }

(since C++14)

### Notes

Default initialization of non-class variables with automatic and dynamic storage duration produces objects with indeterminate values (static and thread-local objects get zero initialized)

If `T` is a const-qualified type, it must be a class type with a user-provided default constructor.

Reference cannot be default-initialized.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <string>

    struct T1 { int mem; };

    struct T2
    {
        int mem;
        T2() { } // "mem" is not in the initializer list
    };

    int n; // static non-class, a two-phase initialization is done:
           // 1) zero initialization initializes n to zero
           // 2) default initialization does nothing, leaving n being zero

    int main()
    {
        int n;            // non-class, the value is indeterminate
        std::string s;    // class, calls default ctor, the value is "" (empty string)
        std::string a[2]; // array, default-initializes the elements, the value is {"", ""}
    //  int& r;           // error: a reference
    //  const int n;      // error: a const non-class
    //  const T1 t1;      // error: const class with implicit default ctor
        T1 t1;            // class, calls implicit default ctor
        const T2 t2;      // const class, calls the user-provided default ctor
                          // t2.mem is default-initialized (to indeterminate value)
    }

### See also

- direct initialization
- copy initialization
- list initialization

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