This is nco.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.3 from nco.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION netCDF
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* NCO::        User Guide for the netCDF Operator suite
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

This file documents NCO, a collection of utilities to manipulate and
analyze netCDF files.

   Copyright © 1995-2026 Charlie Zender

   This is the first edition of the ‘NCO User Guide’,
and is consistent with version 2 of ‘texinfo.tex’.

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  The
license is available online at <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>

   The original author of this software, Charlie Zender, wants to
improve it with the help of your suggestions, improvements, bug-reports,
and patches.
Charlie Zender <surname at uci dot edu> (yes, my surname is zender)
3200 Croul Hall
Department of Earth System Science
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA 92697-3100


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Tag Table:
(Indirect)
Node: Top1118
Node: Foreword2818
Node: Summary9061
Node: Introduction9868
Node: Availability10156
Ref: Availability-Footnote-112337
Node: How to Use This guide12749
Node: Compatability14564
Ref: Compatability-Footnote-120110
Ref: Compatability-Footnote-220258
Node: Windows Operating System20464
Ref: Windows Operating System-Footnote-123066
Node: Symbolic Links23307
Node: Libraries25323
Ref: Libraries-Footnote-126482
Node: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support26666
Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-137663
Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-237954
Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-338320
Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-438442
Ref: netCDF2/3/4 and HDF4/5 Support-Footnote-539523
Node: Help Requests and Bug Reports40017
Node: Strategies45226
Node: Philosophy45624
Node: Climate Model Paradigm47162
Node: Temporary Output Files47801
Ref: Temporary Output Files-Footnote-153021
Ref: Temporary Output Files-Footnote-253139
Node: Appending Variables53248
Ref: Appending Variables-Footnote-155341
Ref: Appending Variables-Footnote-255526
Node: Simple Arithmetic and Interpolation55683
Node: Statistics vs Concatenation56438
Ref: Statistics vs Concatenation-Footnote-157653
Ref: Statistics vs Concatenation-Footnote-257930
Node: Concatenation58317
Node: Averaging61993
Node: Interpolating63478
Node: Large Numbers of Files64006
Ref: Large Numbers of Files-Footnote-170003
Node: Large Datasets70339
Node: Memory Requirements73268
Node: Single and Multi-file Operators74719
Ref: Single and Multi-file Operators-Footnote-180509
Node: Memory for ncap280675
Node: Performance82167
Node: Shared features84166
Node: Internationalization85849
Node: Metadata Optimization86433
Node: OpenMP Threading88394
Node: Command Line Options92455
Ref: Command Line Options-Footnote-194952
Node: Truncating Long Options95245
Node: Multi-arguments96941
Ref: Multi-arguments-Footnote-1101526
Node: Sanitization of Input101823
Node: Specifying Input Files104494
Ref: Specifying Input Files-Footnote-1113929
Node: Specifying Output Files114274
Node: Remote storage116071
Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-1121720
Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-2121949
Ref: Remote storage-Footnote-3122303
Node: OPeNDAP122740
Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-1129155
Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-2129736
Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-3130206
Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-4130457
Ref: OPeNDAP-Footnote-5130849
Node: Retaining Retrieved Files131114
Node: File Formats and Conversion133378
Node: File Formats134577
Ref: File Formats-Footnote-1138859
Node: Determining File Format139051
Node: File Conversion142612
Ref: File Conversion-Footnote-1144388
Node: Autoconversion144631
Node: Zarr and NCZarr150576
Node: Large File Support154317
Ref: Large File Support-Footnote-1155860
Node: Subsetting Files155898
Ref: Subsetting Files-Footnote-1171504
Node: Subsetting Coordinate Variables171739
Node: Group Path Editing174951
Node: Flattening Groups177133
Node: Moving Groups182273
Ref: Moving Groups-Footnote-1184464
Node: Dismembering Files184653
Node: Checking CF-compliance192798
Ref: Checking CF-compliance-Footnote-1200178
Node: C and Fortran Index Conventions200334
Node: Hyperslabs202141
Node: Stride208922
Node: Record Appending212263
Node: Subcycle216065
Ref: Subcycle-Footnote-1220977
Node: Interleave221087
Node: Multislabs226529
Node: Wrapped Coordinates234481
Node: Auxiliary Coordinates237419
Node: Grid Generation244686
Ref: Grid Generation-Footnote-1272602
Ref: Grid Generation-Footnote-2273064
Node: Regridding273653
Node: Climatology and Bounds Support305590
Node: UDUnits Support309917
Node: Rebasing Time Coordinate319460
Node: Multiple Record Dimensions322517
Node: Missing Values324842
Ref: Missing Values-Footnote-1330778
Ref: Missing Values-Footnote-2331023
Node: Chunking331132
Ref: Chunking-Footnote-1350249
Node: Quantization Algorithms350499
Node: Compression353373
Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_dfl365927
Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_bz2374547
Ref: fgr:qnt_cr_zst377145
Ref: Compression-Footnote-1378182
Ref: Compression-Footnote-2378306
Ref: Compression-Footnote-3378394
Ref: Compression-Footnote-4378491
Ref: Compression-Footnote-5379054
Ref: Compression-Footnote-6379271
Node: Linear Packing379462
Node: Precision-Preserving Compression381011
Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-1408115
Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-2408485
Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-3408907
Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-4410026
Ref: Precision-Preserving Compression-Footnote-5411394
Node: Deflation411592
Node: MD5 digests413837
Node: Buffer sizes417814
Ref: Buffer sizes-Footnote-1420271
Node: RAM disks420395
Node: Unbuffered I/O425408
Node: Packed data426707
Ref: Packed data-Footnote-1434543
Ref: Packed data-Footnote-2434720
Node: Operation Types434947
Node: Type Conversion442667
Node: Automatic type conversion443933
Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-1450743
Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-2450766
Ref: Automatic type conversion-Footnote-3450959
Node: Promoting Single-precision to Double451163
Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-1470076
Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-2470541
Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-3471034
Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-4471334
Ref: Promoting Single-precision to Double-Footnote-5471439
Node: Manual type conversion471503
Node: Batch Mode472488
Node: Global Attribute Addition473649
Node: Global Attribute Deletion476142
Node: History Attribute477479
Ref: History Attribute-Footnote-1481620
Node: File List Attributes481869
Node: CF Conventions483673
Node: ARM Conventions499894
Node: Operator Version502009
Node: Reference Manual503167
Node: ncap2 netCDF Arithmetic Processor504301
Node: Syntax of ncap2 statements510059
Node: Expressions511431
Node: Dimensions518791
Node: Left hand casting521040
Node: Arrays and hyperslabs525885
Node: Attributes532313
Node: Value List536056
Node: Number literals537311
Node: if statement541264
Node: Print & String methods543488
Node: Missing values ncap2547743
Node: Methods and functions552829
Node: RAM variables560127
Node: Where statement561407
Node: Loops566730
Node: Include files568065
Node: Sort methods569289
Node: UDUnits script580646
Node: Vpointer584366
Node: Irregular grids588848
Node: Bilinear interpolation594377
Node: GSL special functions598627
Ref: GSL special functions-Footnote-1620976
Node: GSL interpolation622296
Node: GSL least-squares fitting624376
Node: GSL statistics628431
Node: GSL random number generation632204
Node: Examples ncap2636709
Node: Intrinsic mathematical methods644280
Ref: Intrinsic mathematical methods-Footnote-1649633
Ref: Intrinsic mathematical methods-Footnote-2650492
Node: Operator precedence and associativity650565
Node: ID Quoting653117
Node: make_bounds() function655658
Node: solar_zenith_angle function656902
Node: ncatted netCDF Attribute Editor658264
Ref: ncatted netCDF Attribute Editor-Footnote-1678969
Node: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator680050
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-1693875
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-2694064
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-3694424
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-4694484
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-5694556
Ref: ncbo netCDF Binary Operator-Footnote-6694762
Node: ncchecker netCDF Compliance Checker695119
Node: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator697183
Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-1784139
Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-2784550
Ref: ncclimo netCDF Climatology Generator-Footnote-3784817
Node: ncecat netCDF Ensemble Concatenator785127
Node: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics794783
Ref: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics-Footnote-1804951
Ref: nces netCDF Ensemble Statistics-Footnote-2805229
Node: ncflint netCDF File Interpolator805752
Node: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink814624
Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-1894453
Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-2894771
Ref: ncks netCDF Kitchen Sink-Footnote-3895142
Node: Filters for ncks895257
Node: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly911802
Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-1933853
Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-2933958
Ref: ncpdq netCDF Permute Dimensions Quickly-Footnote-3934539
Node: ncra netCDF Record Averager934811
Node: ncrcat netCDF Record Concatenator946020
Node: ncremap netCDF Remapper950659
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-11104213
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-21104624
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-31104707
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-41104849
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-51105129
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-61105596
Ref: ncremap netCDF Remapper-Footnote-71105882
Node: ncrename netCDF Renamer1105956
Node: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager1125696
Ref: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager-Footnote-11131156
Ref: ncwa netCDF Weighted Averager-Footnote-21131297
Node: Mask condition1131503
Ref: Mask condition-Footnote-11132978
Node: Normalization and Integration1133178
Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-11138983
Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-21139057
Ref: Normalization and Integration-Footnote-31139181
Node: Contributing1139350
Ref: Contributing-Footnote-11140085
Node: Contributors1140499
Node: Citation1145140
Node: Proposals for Institutional Funding1146506
Node: Quick Start1147681
Node: Daily data in one file1148158
Node: Monthly data in one file1149580
Node: One time point one file1151250
Node: Multiple files with multiple time points1152207
Node: CMIP5 Example1152699
Node: Combine Files1155435
Node: Global Distribution of Long-term Average1164889
Ref: fgr:glb1165125
Node: Annual Average over Regions1169900
Ref: fgr:anl1170110
Node: Monthly Cycle1183007
Ref: fgr:mon1183166
Node: Regrid MODIS Data1190230
Node: Add Coordinates to MODIS Data1197790
Node: Permute MODIS Coordinates1199792
Node: Parallel1202847
Node: CCSM Example1203199
Node: mybibnode1215884
Ref: ZeM071216009
Ref: Zen081216240
Ref: WZJ071216448
Ref: ZMW061216834
Ref: ZeW071217074
Ref: WZJ061217489
Ref: WZJ0731217679
Ref: WZJ0741218127
Ref: WZJ0811218329
Ref: WZJ0911218609
Ref: PFT881218827
Node: General Index1218954

End Tag Table


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