# Object-Oriented Interface

The `h5lite` package provides a convenient object-oriented interface for interacting with HDF5 files. While the standard functions (e.g., `h5_read`, `h5_write`) are excellent for stateless, atomic operations, the object-oriented handle is often more natural when performing multiple operations on a single file or when navigating deep group structures.

## Basic Usage

To use this interface, create a file handle using `h5_open()`. This returns an `h5` object (specifically, an environment) that maintains a reference to your file.

    library(h5lite)

    # Create a temporary file for this example
    file <- tempfile(fileext = ".h5")

    # Open the handle
    h5 <- h5_open(file)

    # The print method shows the file path and current internal working directory
    print(h5)
    #> <h5 handle>
    #>   File:  C:\Users\Daniel\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpWyee1Y\file59404719283.h5
    #>   WD:    /
    #>   Size:  195 bytes
    #>   Objects (root):  0

Once the handle is open, you can access standard `h5lite` functions as methods of this object. The primary benefit is that you no longer need to pass the `file` argument; it is handled implicitly.

    # Write data using the handle
    h5$write(1:10, "dataset1")
    h5$write(matrix(1:9, 3, 3), "matrix_data")

    # List contents
    h5$ls()
    #> [1] "dataset1"    "matrix_data"

    # Read data back
    my_data <- h5$read("dataset1")
    print(my_data)
    #>  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

Almost all standard functions map directly to methods by dropping the `h5_` prefix:

- `h5_write()` \(\rightarrow\) `h5$write()`
- `h5_read()` \(\rightarrow\) `h5$read()`
- `h5_ls()` \(\rightarrow\) `h5$ls()`
- `h5_attr_names()` \(\rightarrow\) `h5$attr_names()`
- And so on (see Method Reference below).

## Navigation and Working Directories

A unique feature of the `h5` handle is the ability to maintain a stateful “Working Directory” (WD) inside the HDF5 file. This functions similarly to `setwd()` in R or `cd` in a shell.

By default, the WD is the root (`/`). You can change it using `$cd()` and check it using `$pwd()`.

    # Create a group structure
    h5$create_group("simulations")

    # Navigate into the group
    h5$cd("simulations")
    h5$pwd()
    #> [1] "/simulations"

    # Write data using relative paths (writes to /simulations/run1)
    h5$write(rnorm(10), "run1")

    # Verify the location
    h5$ls()
    #> [1] "run1"

Absolute paths (paths starting with `/`) always override the current working directory:

    # Writes to the root, ignoring the fact that we are in /simulations
    h5$write(100, "/root_dataset")

You can also use `..` to navigate up the hierarchy:

    h5$cd("..")
    h5$pwd() # Now back at "/"
    #> [1] "/"

## Reference Semantics

The object returned by `h5_open` is an R environment. This means it follows “pass-by-reference” semantics, unlike most R objects which are “pass-by-value”.

If you assign the handle to a new variable, you are creating a new reference to the same handle. Modifying one will modify the other.

    h5_alias <- h5

    # Change directory in the alias
    h5_alias$cd("simulations")

    # The original handle is also updated
    h5$pwd()
    #> [1] "/simulations"

## Closing the Handle

When you are finished, you can close the handle using `$close()`.

Note: `h5lite` does not keep the actual HDF5 file lock open persistently (it opens and closes the file for every read/write operation to ensure safety). Therefore, `$close()` is a logical operation: it clears the internal file path and working directory from the handle, preventing further methods from being called on it.

    h5$close()

    # Further attempts to use the handle will result in an error:
    # h5$ls()
    # Error: This h5 file handle has been closed.

## Method Reference

The following methods are available on the `h5` object:

Method | Description
--- | ---
I/O |
`$read(name, ...)` | Read a dataset or attribute.
`$write(data, name, ...)` | Write a dataset or attribute.
Navigation |
`$cd(group)` | Change the internal working directory.
`$pwd()` | Print the current internal working directory.
Structure |
`$ls(name, ...)` | List contents of a group.
`$create_group(name)` | Create a new group.
`$delete(name)` | Delete a group or dataset.
`$move(from, to)` | Move/Rename an object.
`$names(name)` | Get names of objects in a group.
Inspection |
`$exists(name)` | Check if an object exists.
`$dim(name)` | Get dimensions of a dataset.
`$typeof(name)` | Get the HDF5 type of an object.
`$class(name)` | Get the class (dataset/group) of an object.
`$is_dataset(name)` | Boolean check for dataset.
`$is_group(name)` | Boolean check for group.
`$attr_names(name)` | List attribute names.
`$str(name)` | Display structure of an object.